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HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES
sociología - antropología - filosofía - historia - derecho - etc.
Communities of Risk, Identity, Youth and and Civil Disobedience: Parkour, Skateboarding, Skywalking as Rebellious Play
Autor
Grace
2024
|
Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Tipo de publicación
Publicación en congreso
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
civil disobedience; digital games; parkour; play; skateboarding; skywalking
Resumen
While contemporary literature champions the biological, psychological, and sociological benefits of play, the ability of play to represent civil disobedience is rarely examined. In short, there is limited literature on investigating the question - what does it mean to play as rebellion? This paper outlines the shared characteristics of three forms of play, parkour, skateboarding, and skywalking as rebellious activities. It is suggested that their shared characteristics and relationship to risk, authority, authenticity, and documented civil disobedience are core to the identity of disobedience. Using commercial video games based on real-world risky-play, the research illustrates how this play embraces civil disobedience. Each is about playing against authority. The paper offers an analysis of parkour-focused digital play, skateboarding video games, climbing games and a case study in the Storror parkour team and its streams, highlighting the intersection of literature from sports studies, game studies, social science and architecture within this domain.
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Designing for playful mobilities
Autor
Smitheram
2024
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Applied mobilities
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Playplayful mobilitiesmobility designautoethnographyarchitectural interventions
Resumen
In this paper we consider how playful mobilities mediate and augment the power to transform the everyday and support a playful engagement with the city through design. Like other forms of mobility, playful mobilities is embodied; it involves multiple interactions with bodies, and different forms of movement within and through space. Drawing from playful mobilities, this paper explores how play can inform design decisions to compel action and affect, and offers insight into the nexus between playful mobilities and speculative design interventions. It draws on mobile autoethnography diaries focusing on e-scootering, cycling, and playing Pokemon Go to highlight how play orientates our bodies with our environment and others. Along with the site and precedent analysis, the autoethnography diary entries become the base for a series of speculative designs situated in Wellington, New Zealand. The design speculations couple playful mobilities and the materialities of designed interventions, making tangible the intersection between designing for mobile situations and potential atmosphere to enrich space and experience that take place along journeys.
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Parkour. Prática corporal de aventura ou ginástica
Autor
Polac
2024
|
Lecturas: Educación física y deportes
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Portugués
Palabras clave
Parkour, Gimnasia, Método Natural
Resumen
El propósito de este ensayo es cuestionar la comprensión del parkour como, actualmente, presentado como una práctica corporal de aventura o un deporte. Este esfuerzo se invirtió debido a la comprensión de esta clasificación no alineada con las especificidades de nuestro objeto de estudio. Para este viaje, la pregunta se presentó a partir del entendimiento de su fundador, David Belle, sobre esta práctica, así como de los ideales básicos de una de sus principales influencias, el Método Natural, por parte de su fundador Georges Hébert, lo que resultó en la alineación del parkour más como método de entrenamiento corporal o gimnasia, que de la clasificación antes mencionada.
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Developmental Outcomes for Young People Participating in Informal and Lifestyle Sports: A Scoping Review of the Literature, 2000–2020
Autor
Säfvenbom et al.
2023
|
Social Sciences
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
youth sport; lifestyle sports; sporting behavior; literature review; leisure sport
Resumen
The aim of this study is to review the literature on lifestyle sports and lifestyle sport contexts with regard to the developmental potential they may represent in young people’s everyday lives. The review applies a relational developmental systems approach to youth development. The eligibility criteria are based on the phenomenon of interest and outcomes. Hence, we include studies examining the associations between young people performing lifestyle sports and potential developmental outcomes: mental, biological, social, and behavioral. The present study shows that the volume of research on informal lifestyle sport is rather extensive and that studies on the way these activity contexts may affect developmental processes in youth are diverse and wide ranging. The studies suggest that performing lifestyle sports may have several beneficial health and skills outcomes. Furthermore, positive associations are suggested between involvement in lifestyle sport contexts such as climbing, snowboarding, parkour, tricking, kiting, and surfing and (a) mental outcomes such joy, happiness, freedom, euphoria, motivation, self-efficacy, and well-being; (b) social outcomes such as gender equality, network building, social inclusion, interaction, friendship; and (c) behavioral outcomes such as identity, creativity, and expressions of masculinity and/or femininity. The review performed indicates that lifestyle sport contexts are flexible according to needs and desires that exist among the practitioners and that the human and democratic origins of these contexts make them supportive for positive movement experiences and for positive youth development. The findings have implications for PE teachers, social workers, policymakers, sport organizations, and urban architecture, in that providing lifestyle sport opportunities in the everyday lives of young people will foster a holistic development in a positive way.
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Social inclusion and institutionalisation of urban lifestyle sports
Autor
Østergaard & Larsen
2023
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Social Issues in Sport, Leisure, and Health
Tipo de publicación
Capítulo de libro
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
This chapter is about urban lifestyle sports and social inclusion in sports. Urban lifestyle sports, such as parkour, skateboarding, and streetball, are becoming more and more widespread even as we see a reduction in young people’s participation in traditional sports clubs. There seems to be something about the traditional, organised sport that doesn’t fit or attract a growing number of young people today. Urban lifestyle sports are interpreted as having an inclusive potential and providing an alternative to traditional clubs-based sports. Because such sports are self-organised, they can be practiced whenever, wherever, and with whomever. They are characterised by a lack of adult control, rules, and regulations and they are practiced in urban public environments with a focus on fun and play. However, urban lifestyle sport has been developed and transformed in close interaction with traditional and formal institutions and sports cultures. In this chapter, we use institutional theory to discuss how processes of institutionalization have impacted the inclusive potential of urban lifestyle sports. In order to do this, we also describe how traditional club-based sports can be both inclusive and exclusive and show how social inclusion in sports is not only a personal challenge but also a social issue.
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Parkour Fails and Hébertisme: Laughing at the New Man
Autor
Smith
2023
|
Contemporary French and Francophone Studies
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Masculinity; MTV’s Jackass; slapstick; The Office (NBC); Vichy; YouTube
Resumen
“Parkour Fails” represent a genre of comedic YouTube videos consisting primarily of compilations of failed stunts by practitioners of the extreme sport of parkour. Parkour originated in the suburbs of Paris and involves creative reappropriation of urban furniture. In mass media, it is usually coded as a defiant challenge to urban norms and a symbol of multicultural France’s growing social mobility. However, it was inspired by Hébertisme, a training system embraced by eugenicists and the Vichy government as a way to cultivate the New Man, an idealized figure incarnating fascist values. While parkour athletes do not endorse fascism, many promote their practice with a rhetoric of decadence and decline, return to nature, and masculine power that echoes Vichy’s New Man ideology. This article explores the extent to which parkour fail videos humorously problematize that rhetoric.
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An organizational change perspective on the incorporation of parkour in a gymnastics federation
Autor
De Bock
2023
|
Sport in Society
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
flanders, lifestyle sports, organizational change, parkour, Sport federations
Resumen
Over the last decades, sport federations have been confronted with new variants of sports, such as parkour. Parkour is considered a lifestyle sports which embraces a specific culture that often conflicts with the culture of federation-organized sport (Sterchele and Ferrero Camoletto 2017). Participation in lifestyle sports is increasing rapidly, which may pose a threat to the market position of federations regarding leisure sports (Gilchrist and Wheaton 2011). Despite the studies emphasizing the dichotomous relation between sport federations and lifestyle sports, our study explores why and how both can reconcile. In particular, our study examined how and why readiness for change was achieved in the gymnastic federation as well as in the parkour community for integrating parkour into the federation. Applying a single-case study design, drawing on Oakland and Tanner (2007) change framework, our study revealed several key mechanisms to develop a lifestyle sport in a federation context. Organizational learning proved to be an essential determinant to overcome the cultural differences. Furthermore, our results emphasized the importance of leveraging behavioural and technical leadership in the change process. This study enhances sport managers' knowledge on how they should approach lifestyle sport communities, while delivering insights to lifestyle sport communities on the intentions of federations regarding their sport.
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Analysis of Standing Up in Free Running Parkour between Straight Back Flip 360? and 720?
Autor
Qawaqzeh & Sayyah
2023
|
Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y el Deporte
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Kinematic. Parkour. Body weight center. Kinova
Resumen
Backward standing is considered as one of the most important and commonly-used movements in free running parkour, where it may take place at any point while performing the skills. The study sample consisted of (1) player from the academy of Parkour and free running in Basra, where the participant trains in the hall of gymnastics training center of Basra directorate of education. Data were taken by 240 photo/second by using iPad 2020 camera, and this allowed the calculation of kinematic data. The results revealed that as the numbers of rotation increase, the communication angle at which the athlete lands on the mat while standing up decreases. In the back flip with one rotation (360°), the angle average was (51.9°), while in the back flip with two rotations (720°), the angle average was (49.3°). These results contribute to improving the technical training among parkour athletes.
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The Attempted Grobalization of Parkour by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
Autor
Puddle & Wheaton
2023
|
The International Journal of the History of Sport
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Parkour, gymnastics, Olympics, action/lifestyle sport, institutionalization, sport governance, grobalization
Resumen
On December 3rd, 2018, the 82nd Congress of the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), voted to include parkour as the FIG’s 8th gymnastic discipline. Unlike, trampoline and acrobatic gymnastics, which became gymnastic disciplines following the agreed dissolution of their respective federations, parkour’s inclusion followed two years of unilateral and ultra vires development of competitive showcases. Despite athlete participation in FIG-organized parkour competitions, the global parkour community has been largely opposed to parkour under FIG, especially its attempts to include parkour in the Olympic programme. This situation catalyzed the federating of the international federation Parkour Earth. However, all attempts by the global parkour community to halt the FIG’s appropriation of parkour have proved unsuccessful to date. Digital ethnographic work conducted during the controversy and the authors’ experiences as key protagonists in the formation and administration of Parkour Earth highlights the politics, influences, and power struggles between the different stakeholders. With help from Ritzer’s theory of grobalization it is clear that the FIG is attempting to grobalize parkour to grow its power and profits, and the IOC is enabling, and to some extent complicit in this process. This has implications for the parkour community and other long-standing gymnastic disciplines.
URL
Clothing the practice: Community building, sportification and commodification in CrossFit and parkour
Autor
De Benedittis & Carmoletto
2022
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International Journal of Fashion Studies
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Apparel; boundary-making; commodification; community-building; informational capital; sportification
Resumen
Relying on empirical data from two research projects on CrossFit and parkour, and adopting mixed methods (enactive ethnography, participant observation, online survey and social media analysis), this article aims at evidencing the role of apparel and gear in some processes engendering a transformation of the two practices. We investigate the making of boundaries – internal and external to the practices – that furnish ways of belonging to practitioners, focusing on how the processes of sportification and commodification are involved in these different ways of belongingness. We link these general processes to their connections with clothing, accessories and their material and symbolic use, showing how informational capital is at stake in this
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Embodying parkour’s visual subculture: ethos, style and the emergence of a visual habitus
Autor
Toscano
2024
|
Visual Studies
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
This article describes parkour's visual subculture as a form of subcultural capital that has developed with the rise of this alternative sport. It examines the recent history of its visual media as well as a visual habitus to understand the ways in which a collective gaze is produced and performed. Furthermore, the text locates the parkour practitioner – the traceur – as a key actor of an aesthetic system, a relatively autonomous figure that embodies an underlying visual symbolic structure and mobilizes a scopic system through different interactions with social media. By analysing three key elements through which traceurs have developed a visual tradition and a corresponding ethos, this article seeks to explain how parkour has been adapting to changing technical and sociocultural conditions, showing thus the complexities and nuances of a sophisticated visual world.
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Concrete experience: Parkour as a culture of agential learning
Autor
Edinborough
2024
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Theatre, Dance and Performance Training
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
agency; learning; Parkour; Storror; video-sharing
Resumen
The field of performer training remains closely entwined with the authorial vision of twentieth Century practitioners. Performers in the context of theatre and dance are still trained to embody specific ways of being and doing, defined in relation the aesthetic and philosophical concerns of artists making work in the last century. However, as industry practices and scholarship move further away from paradigms of single authorship, or ensembles tied to the vision of auteurs, conventional, studio-based training practices have come under scrutiny. This has led educators and institutions to explore alternative models of training, prioritising student agency and choice. This article analyses the decentralised training practices of Parkour. It examines how Parkour practitioners use video sharing to spread innovations in practice and technique, establishing a training culture that promotes agential learning and experimentation. By looking at online documentation of training and video sharing from the Parkour team Storror, the article argues that Parkour training establishes models of experimentation and innovation that are decentralised and rooted in the agency and curiosity of the practitioner. The article concludes by considering how culture and practices from Parkour might inform the broader field of performer training–articulating strategies for encouraging student agency in learning.
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Coaching parkour: the instructed concerted actions of negotiating expectancies
Autor
Sánchez-García
2023
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Sports Coaching Reviews
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Parkour; ethnomethods; coaching; expectancies; instructed concerted actions
Resumen
This paper offers an ethnomethodological (EM) account of parkour coaching based on an eight-month participant observation conducted by the researcher in a parkour gym in Madrid (Spain). It addresses from a praxeological perspective the emotional dimension of parkour coaching: the tension balance between confidence and fear, expressed in the negotiation of expectancies upon athletes’ performances on each occasion. To do so, it provides a detailed EM analysis of the endogenous production of negotiating expectancies among members (coach and athletes) during parkour sessions. The coaching ethnomethods for negotiating expectancies constitute a social orderliness on each occasion. The negotiation of expectancies can lead to positive or negative breaching moments which demands the execution of some repair work to maintain the social orderliness of the parkour class. Such dynamic negotiation constitutes a key feature of the process along which parkour proficiency is achieved.
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L’institutionnalisation du parkour : la suppression des limites entre les espaces étanches et les espaces relâchés
Autor
Tani
2023
|
Social & Cultural Geography
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Francés
Palabras clave
parkour, sport mode de vie, institutionnalisation, professionnalisation, espaces étanches, espaces relâchés
Resumen
Au cours de ses vingt années d’existence, le parkour, sport et mode de vie populaire dans le monde entier, a été l’objet d’institutionnalisation, de professionnalisation et de commercialization. Dans cet article, l’analyse de ces changements s’est fondée sur des entretiens menés avec des traceurs finlandais qui possèdent beaucoup d’expérience de parkour, en tant que pratiquants et en tant qu’encadrants, celui-ci étant même l’activité professionnelle principale de certains d’entre eux. Des recherches antérieures avec les mêmes participants ont fourni les fondements pour le thème et offrent un aperçu de l’évolution du domaine du parkour en Finlande. Nous avons accordé une attention particulière aux façons dont les salles de sport et les parcs de parkour ont modifié les relations des traceurs avec les espaces publics urbains. Nous analysons ces changements en appliquant les concepts d’espaces étanches et d’espaces relâchés. Notre étude montre comment certains participants ont étroitement lié le parkour à ses origines, alors que d’autres ont insisté sur son aspect physique et n’étaient pas trop préoccupés par la structuration vers une discipline sportive reconnue. Avec la popularité croissante des salles et des parcs de parkour, sa visibilité dans l’espace public a diminué, ce qui a réduit les rencontres entre les traceurs et d’autres usagers de ces espaces et par conséquent diminue le potentiel du parkour pour relâcher les espaces urbains afin de les rendre plus tolérants envers différentes manières d’être.
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An organizational change perspective on the incorporation of parkour in a gymnastics federation
Autor
De Bock et al.
2023
|
Sport in Society
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
flanders; lifestyle sports; organizational change; parkour; Sport federations
Resumen
Over the last decades, sport federations have been confronted with new variants of sports, such as parkour. Parkour is considered a lifestyle sports which embraces a specific culture that often conflicts with the culture of federation-organized sport (Sterchele and Ferrero Camoletto 2017). Participation in lifestyle sports is increasing rapidly, which may pose a threat to the market position of federations regarding leisure sports (Gilchrist and Wheaton 2011). Despite the studies emphasizing the dichotomous relation between sport federations and lifestyle sports, our study explores why and how both can reconcile. In particular, our study examined how and why readiness for change was achieved in the gymnastic federation as well as in the parkour community for integrating parkour into the federation. Applying a single-case study design, drawing on Oakland and Tanner (2007) change framework, our study revealed several key mechanisms to develop a lifestyle sport in a federation context. Organizational learning proved to be an essential determinant to overcome the cultural differences. Furthermore, our results emphasized the importance of leveraging behavioural and technical leadership in the change process. This study enhances sport managers’ knowledge on how they should approach lifestyle sport communities, while delivering insights to lifestyle sport communities on the intentions of federations regarding their sport.
URL
Parkour, Graffiti, and the Politics of (In)Visibility in Aestheticized Cityscapes
Autor
De Martini Ugolotti & Genova
2023
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Space and Culture
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
(in)visibility; aestheticized cityscapes; Bologna; embodied geographies; graffiti; parkour; Turin
Resumen
In the past decades, urban scholars have discussed at length how the production of aesthetically pleasing and consumption-enticing cityscapes has become the core of postindustrial urban economies. Critical analyses have underlined how the “dictatorship of the visual” characterizing these urban processes implies the expulsion from public life of “unacceptable” differences and conflicts within. While fundamental, these perspectives have not fully engaged with a variety of urban practices and groups that are simultaneously addressed by urban leaderships as visible assets and threats for image-based redevelopment processes. Drawing on two ethnographic studies in Turin and Bologna, Italy, this article contributes to address this gap by focusing on parkour and graffiti’s ambiguous and controversial positions in these rebranding cities. By addressing how traceurs and writers reconciled and negotiated their positioning within image-led urban redevelopment processes, this article expands existing discussions on the nexus between (in)visibility, publicness, embodied geographies, and aestheticized cityscapes
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Parkour’s interactional organization. The paradoxes of media representations and how traceurs cope through non-representational strategies
Autor
Toscano
2023
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Culture and Organization
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
media practices; non-representational organization; non-representational theory; paradox; Parkour
Resumen
Parkour is a recent type of sport where the body appears to produce moving sequences along urban spaces. Now, however smooth these sequences might seem, our perception of them entails media representations of the sport already. These actually generate certain uneasiness in practitioners themselves, who see them more like stagings than accurate depictions. Still, media representations are paramount to understand the social organization of parkour. What ensues is thus a paradox on parkour’s media uses, which on a closer examination uncovers the role of non-representational strategies that contribute to organize the activity. Some non-representational forms may be read or discerned through media traces, while other non-representational strategies may function as contextual common ground. Developing emergent categories out of a grounded theory approach,this article examines how both representational and non-representational elements interact together, underlining the unique capacity of a urban experience to set an distinctive organization.
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Participation in street sports - a national study of participation patterns among youth and adults
Autor
Engell et al.
2023
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European Journal for Sport and Society
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
informal sports; lifestyle sports; parkour; skateboarding; Sports participation; street basket; street dance; street soccer; street sports; streetball; urban
Resumen
During the last 10–20 years, attention towards street sports has been growing internationally and in Denmark. This includes increasing attention from the main bodies for organised sports in Denmark and the development of initiatives and organisations within the field. Parallel to this, it has become more apparent that there is a general lack of knowledge regarding the participation pattern in street sports and lifestyle sports. This study examines the participation patterns and predictors of participation within seven activities collectively characterised as street sports. The data are drawn from a 2020 cross-sectional survey conducted among people 15 years and older living in Denmark. Results show that street sports activities are popular among youth and young adults, with half of all people aged 15–24 years having practised one of the seven activities. Logistic regression analysis reveals that immigrants of Western and non-western origin show higher odds ratios of practising street sports than ethnic Danes. Another important finding is that a higher level of education shows lower odds ratios of participation opposite the trends found in general research on sports participation patterns. This article reveals how street sports might have the potential to activate people who have been found to be less physically active and thereby contribute to ‘sport for all’. It provides a knowledge base for initiatives regarding the use of street sports as a vehicle for social inclusion in sports.
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Contested bodies in a regenerating city: post-migrant men's contingent citizenship, parkour and diaspora spaces
Autor
De Martini Ugolotti
2022
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Leisure Studies
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Parkour, right to the city, contingent citizenship, diaspora space
Resumen
The following paper contributes to interdisciplinary debates at the intersection of informal sport/leisure, migration and urban studies. It does so by drawing on an ethnographic research with young men of migrant origins in Turin, Italy, and by addressing the relevance of parkour in the participants’ experiences and negotiations of ‘what it means to (not) belong’ in urban spaces. The focus on parkour provides a unique entry point to address the politics of belonging that unfold in urban spaces as contested sites where competing images of the city, the nation and of who belongs to them converge, clash and overlap. This is particularly relevant, though not limited to the Italian context, where political narratives and realities still legally and socially define the children of migration as alien bodies in the nation, while Turin’s urban leaderships portray youth cultures and multicultural diversity as assets for the city’s symbolic, cultural and financial regeneration. As the intersection of such discourses shapes the manifold ways through which post-migrant urban subjects become essentialised, valorised and pathologised in Turin, the paper’s findings foreground the relevance of informal sports as entry points to (re)consider discussions on citizenship, conviviality and rights (to the city) in contemporary urban contexts.
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Young parkour traceurs in Mexico City: A new way to meaning and identity in urban spaces
Autor
Islas & Varela
2022
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Semiotica
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
parkour; semiotics of culture; semiotics of sports; sociosemiotics; urban cultural practices; virtual spaces
Resumen
The practice of parkour in urban spaces by young people, especially those who call themselves traceurs ("plotters"), illustrates how identities are formed in an ephemeral way by reinterpreting spaces in the city-briefly and without leaving a trace. However, in a sort of paradox, these interventions are registered in the socio-digital spectrum, tokenistically anchoring and incorporating them into conversations and social interactions. This work aims to explain the practice of the sport called parkour as a socio-semiotic phenomenon. We have used some zones of Mexico City as a specific case for our approach. The foregoing leads to the conclusion that the meaning of parkour goes beyond its recreational role and places it as a relevant piece of identity for excluded urban social groups-even though these practices have been appropriated by marketing strategies. Our approach will use a cultural semiotics perspective, as well as direct observations and interviews as research techniques.
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